Your roof is a vital part of your home, shielding you from the elements and keeping your family safe. So, when it comes time for repairs or a full replacement, choosing the right roofing contractor is crucial. Here at Severnside Roofing, we understand the importance of finding a reliable and qualified professional.Don’t Let Your Roof Project Become a StormHere are some key steps to ensure you select the perfect roofing contractor for your needs:
Get Recommendations:
Word-of-Mouth: Talk to friends, family, and neighbours who have recently had roofing work done. Ask about their experience with the contractor, the quality of workmanship, and the overall value they received.
Online Reviews: Check online review platforms to see what other homeowners have to say about local roofing contractors. Pay attention to both positive and negative reviews and consider the overall consensus.
Check Credentials and Qualifications:
Licensing and Insurance: Ensure the contractor holds a valid license for operating in your area. Verify they carry both general liability insurance and worker’s compensation insurance to protect yourself from any potential accidents.
Trade Associations: Look for contractors who are members of reputable trade associations like the National Federation of Roofing Contractors (NFRC). Membership often signifies commitment to quality workmanship and ethical business practices.
Experience Matters:
Years in Business: Choose a contractor with a proven track record of success. A long-standing company suggests a reliable business model and experience in handling diverse roofing projects.
Project Specialisation: Some contractors specialise in specific roof types or materials. If you have a unique roof requirement, find a company with expertise in that area.
Get Multiple Quotes:
Don’t Settle for the First Offer: Obtain quotes from at least 3-4 reputable contractors. This allows you to compare pricing, materials used, and the proposed scope of work.
Understand the Fine Print: Ensure all quotes clearly outline the work to be done, the materials used, warranties offered, and the payment schedule.
Communication is Key:
Clear and Transparent Communication: Choose a contractor who readily answers your questions and explains the project details in a way you understand. Open communication is essential throughout the entire roofing process.
Comfort Level: Trust your instincts! You’ll be working closely with this contractor, so ensure you feel comfortable with their communication style and approach.
Warranties and Guarantees:
Roofing Warranties: A reputable contractor will offer a warranty on both materials and workmanship. Understand the terms of the warranty and what it covers.
Insurance Backed Guarantees (IBGs): Consider looking for contractors offering IBGs. These provide additional financial protection should the contractor become insolvent.
Severnside Roofing: Your Trusted Roofing PartnerAt Severnside Roofing, we tick all the boxes for a qualified and reliable roofing contractor. We are a local, family-run business with a long history of providing exceptional service in the Shropshire area. Our team is fully licensed and insured, with extensive experience in all types of roofing projects.Ready for a Free Quote?Contact Severnside Roofing today for a free, no-obligation quote on your roof repair or replacement needs. We’ll answer all your questions and guide you through the process to ensure a smooth and successful project. Let us help you find your perfect roof match!
Choosing the right roof for your commercial property is a crucial decision. The type of roof you select will impact factors like durability, cost, and energy efficiency. This article explores some of the most common commercial roof options to help you make an informed decision.
Flat or Low-Slope Roofs: These roofs are popular due to their affordability and ease of installation. They are a good option for buildings with easy roof access for maintenance purposes. However, flat roofs are more prone to ponding water and leaks, so proper drainage systems are essential.
Single-Ply Roofs: Single-ply roofs are known for their durability, lightweight construction, and ease of repair. They come in various materials like PVC, TPO, and EPDM, each with its own advantages. Single-ply roofs are a good choice for buildings in most climates.
Metal Roofs: Metal roofs offer exceptional longevity and fire resistance. They come in a variety of styles and colors to complement the aesthetics of your building. Metal roofs are a good option for buildings in areas prone to wildfires or extreme weather conditions.
Built-Up Roofs (BUR): BUR systems are known for their strength and flexibility. They are comprised of multiple layers of asphalt and fabric, creating a watertight barrier. BUR roofs are a good option for flat roofs that require a long lifespan.
Liquid-Applied Roofs: These roofs are applied in a liquid state and conform easily to various roof shapes and surfaces. They are relatively easy to install and offer seamless waterproofing. Liquid-applied roofs are a good option for complex roof designs or for retrofitting existing roofs.
Green Roofs: Green roofs provide environmental benefits by absorbing rainwater, reducing stormwater runoff, and improving air quality. They can also help regulate building temperatures and provide additional insulation. Green roofs are a good option for environmentally conscious businesses and those looking to improve building energy efficiency.
By considering these factors and the specific needs of your commercial property, you can choose the right roof type for optimal performance and longevity.
In the UK, a well-maintained chimney is essential for the safe and efficient operation of your fireplace or heating system. However, over time, chimneys can develop issues that require prompt attention. In this article, we will discuss common signs that indicate your chimney needs repair, and provide guidance on how to address these issues effectively.
Cracked or Damaged Chimney Crown
A cracked or damaged chimney crown is a common issue that can lead to significant problems. Signs of a damaged chimney crown include visible cracks, water leaks, or loose mortar. Address this issue by hiring a professional chimney repair company to assess the extent of the damage. Depending on the severity, they may repair the crown or recommend a complete replacement to ensure proper protection for your chimney.
Deteriorated Mortar Joints
Over time, the mortar joints holding the bricks or stones of your chimney together can deteriorate due to weather exposure. If you notice loose or crumbling mortar, it’s essential to address it promptly. Hire a professional chimney repair company to repoint the mortar joints. Repointing involves removing the damaged mortar and replacing it with fresh mortar to strengthen the structure and prevent further deterioration.
Chimney Leaks
Chimney leaks are a common issue that can lead to water damage, mould growth, and structural problems. Signs of chimney leaks include water stains on the ceiling or walls near the chimney, dampness in the chimney breast, or a musty odour. Hire a chimney specialist to inspect the chimney for cracks, damaged flashing, or faulty chimney caps. They will identify the source of the leak and recommend the appropriate repairs, such as replacing flashing or installing a new chimney cap.
Chimney Obstruction or Blockage
Obstructions or blockages in the chimney can hinder proper airflow and increase the risk of smoke or carbon monoxide entering your home. Signs of chimney obstruction include difficulty in starting or maintaining a fire, excessive smoke, or a strong odour coming from the fireplace. Contact a chimney professional to perform a thorough chimney sweep, removing any debris, soot, or animal nests. They will also inspect the chimney liner for any damage or wear.
Damaged Chimney Flue
A damaged chimney flue poses serious risks, such as fire hazards and carbon monoxide leaks. Signs of a damaged flue include visible cracks, rust, or signs of deterioration. If you suspect a damaged flue, it’s crucial to consult a professional chimney repair company for a thorough inspection. Depending on the extent of the damage, they may recommend repairing or replacing the flue liner to ensure proper ventilation and safety.
Conclusion
Being aware of common signs that your chimney needs repair can help you take timely action to address potential issues. If you notice any cracks, leaks, deterioration, or obstructions in your chimney, it’s important to consult a professional chimney repair company in the UK. By addressing these issues promptly, you can maintain a safe, functional, and efficient chimney system in your home.
Identifying a roof leak can be challenging, as the water may not always enter the building directly through the roof itself. It is important to identify and repair roof leaks as soon as possible to prevent further damage to the building and its contents. Here are some common signs that you may have a roof leak:
Water stains on the ceiling or walls: If you notice brown or yellow stains on the ceiling or walls, it could be a sign that water is entering the building through the roof. These stains may be accompanied by a musty smell, which can indicate the presence of mold.
Sagging or bulging on the ceiling: If the ceiling appears to be sagging or bulging, it could be a sign that water is accumulating on the underside of the roof deck. This can be a serious issue, as the weight of the water can cause the roof to collapse.
Dripping water: If you hear dripping water inside the building, it could be a sign that there is a leak in the roof. This is especially likely if you hear the dripping sound when it is raining outside.
Water pooling on the roof: If you see standing water on the roof, it could be a sign of a leak. Water should drain off the roof quickly, so if it is pooling in one area, it could indicate a problem with the drainage system.
Missing shingles: If you notice that shingles are missing or damaged on your roof, it could be a sign of a leak. Missing or damaged shingles can allow water to enter the building through the roof.
Ice dams: If you live in a cold climate, ice dams can be a common cause of roof leaks. These occur when snow melts on the roof and then refreezes at the edge of the roof, forming a dam. As the snow continues to melt, the water is unable to drain off the roof and can seep into the building through the roof.
To determine the source of a roof leak, it is often necessary to conduct a thorough inspection of the roof. This may involve climbing onto the roof to examine it, as well as looking for signs of damage from the inside of the building. If you are unable to identify the source of the leak on your own, it is a good idea to hire a professional roofing contractor to assess the situation and recommend a course of action.In summary, if you suspect that you have a roof leak, it is important to address the issue as soon as possible to prevent further damage to the building. Look for water stains on the ceiling or walls, sagging or bulging on the ceiling, dripping water, water pooling on the roof, missing or damaged shingles, and ice dams as potential signs of a roof leak. If you are unable to identify the source of the leak, consider hiring a professional roofing contractor for further assistance.
A roof replacement is a significant investment that protects your home for years to come. While Severnside Roofing prioritises a smooth and efficient process, some preparation on your end can further streamline the project and minimise disruption. Here’s a helpful guide to ensure your home is ready for its brand new roof:Clear the Area:
Interior:
Move furniture and belongings away from walls, particularly in rooms directly below the roof. This protects them from falling debris during the removal process.
Consider removing valuable items or artwork from the house altogether, or covering them securely with dust sheets.
Exterior:
Remove patio furniture, grills, and any other objects that could be damaged by falling debris or roofing materials.
Trim back any tree branches that might obstruct the workers or pose a safety risk.
Advise neighbours about the upcoming project, especially if parking restrictions or noise might be an issue.
Plan for Access:
Driveway: Ensure clear access for our vehicles carrying materials and equipment.
Walkways: Clear a path for our team to easily access the roof from the ground.
Utilities: Let us know if there are any exposed electrical wires, gas lines, or other utilities near the roofline.
Communication is Key:
Parking: Discuss parking arrangements for our team with Severnside Roofing.
Pets: If you have pets, let us know how you plan to keep them safe and comfortable during the project.
Access to the house: Inform us if there are any specific times during the day when access to the house might be restricted.
Questions and concerns: Don’t hesitate to ask our team any questions you may have throughout the process. We’re always happy to provide clear communication and address any concerns.
Additional Considerations:
Weather: While Severnside Roofing works efficiently, unpredictable weather can sometimes delay the project. Consider having a backup plan in case of heavy rain or strong winds.
Permits: If required, ensure all necessary permits are obtained before the project begins. Severnside Roofing can help guide you on this process.
Waste disposal: Discuss waste disposal arrangements with the team.
By taking these steps, you’ll be well on your way to a smooth and successful roof replacement project with Severnside Roofing. Remember, we’re here to make this process as stress-free as possible for you.Bonus Tip: Planning a renovation project that coincides with your roof replacement? Let us know! We can potentially schedule the roof work first, allowing for easier access for other contractors afterwards.Ready to give your home the protection it deserves? Contact Severnside Roofing today for a free roof inspection and quote!
Your roof is the guardian angel of your home, shielding you from the elements. But have you ever stopped to wonder about the different parts that work together to keep you dry and comfortable? Let’s embark on a journey to understand the key components of your roof:The Structural Backbone:
Truss System: This network of timbers acts as the skeleton of your roof, providing support for the entire roofing assembly. Think of it as the underlying framework that carries the weight of the roofing materials.
Rafters: These angled timbers run from the ridge (the peak of the roof) down to the eaves (the horizontal overhang). They provide the primary support for the roof sheathing and other roofing components.
Ridge Beam: This is the horizontal timber located at the highest point of the roof, where the opposing rafters meet and connect. It acts like the spine of the truss system, distributing weight evenly.
The Protective Layers:
Roof Sheathing: This layer, typically made of plywood or oriented strand board (OSB), sits directly on top of the rafters. It provides a smooth, stable surface for the underlayment and shingles.
Underlayment: This waterproof membrane acts as a secondary barrier against water infiltration. It’s installed directly on top of the roof sheathing and helps prevent leaks caused by wind-driven rain or ice dams.
Shingles or Tiles: These are the visible outer layer of your roof, offering the final line of defense against the elements. They come in various materials like asphalt, slate, metal, or concrete, each with its own advantages and lifespan.
Ensuring Smooth Drainage:
Flashing: These thin sheets of metal are installed around roof penetrations like chimneys, vent pipes, and valleys. Flashing creates a watertight seal and prevents leaks at these vulnerable points.
Fascia Board: This board covers the exposed ends of the rafters at the eaves. It provides a finished look to the roofline and also helps support the gutter system.
Gutter System: Gutters are channels along the eaves that collect rainwater and direct it away from the house through downspouts. A properly functioning gutter system is crucial to prevent water damage to your foundation and siding.
Understanding these key components will not only empower you to appreciate the intricate workings of your roof but also help you identify potential problems and make informed decisions regarding roof maintenance and repair.
When faced with roof issues, homeowners in the UK often wonder whether they should opt for repairs or a complete roof replacement. The decision depends on various factors, including the extent of damage, age of the roof, and budget considerations. In this article, we will discuss the key considerations to help you make an informed choice between roof repair and replacement.
Assessing the Extent of Damage
The first step in determining whether your roof requires repair or replacement is assessing the extent of damage. Minor issues, such as isolated leaks or a few missing shingles, can often be resolved through repairs. However, if the damage is widespread, with multiple areas affected or significant structural issues, a roof replacement may be necessary to ensure long-term stability and safety.
Age and Lifespan of the Roof
Consider the age of your roof when deciding between repair and replacement. Most roofs have an estimated lifespan, and if your roof is approaching the end of its expected lifespan, a replacement may be a more practical option. Older roofs are more prone to recurring problems and may not provide the same level of protection and energy efficiency as a new roof.
Cost-Effectiveness and Long-Term Savings
Evaluate the cost-effectiveness of repairs versus a replacement. While repairs may seem like a more affordable option in the short term, consider the long-term savings and benefits of a new roof. A replacement can eliminate the need for frequent repairs and reduce ongoing maintenance costs. Additionally, a new roof can enhance energy efficiency, potentially leading to lower energy bills over time.
Future Home Improvement Plans
Consider your future home improvement plans when making the repair or replacement decision. If you have plans to renovate or expand your home in the near future, it may be more practical to opt for a roof replacement to ensure consistency and compatibility with the planned changes. This can save you time and costs associated with modifying or repairing the roof after other improvements are made.
Consultation with Roofing Professionals
Seek the advice of roofing professionals to assess the condition of your roof and guide you in making the right decision. Experienced roofers can provide an expert evaluation of the damage, provide cost estimates for repairs and replacements, and offer insights based on their knowledge of industry standards and best practices. Their expertise can help you make an informed decision that aligns with your specific needs and budget.
Conclusion
Deciding between roof repair and replacement requires careful consideration of factors such as the extent of damage, age of the roof, cost-effectiveness, and future plans for your home. By assessing these factors and consulting with roofing professionals, you can make an informed decision that ensures the long-term durability, functionality, and value of your roof.
A roof is a critical component of a building that provides protection from the elements, including rain, snow, and sun. It is an important aspect of the overall structure of a building, as it supports the weight of the structure and helps to keep it stable.The different parts of a roof include:
Roof deck: This is the base layer of the roof that provides support for the roofing materials. It is usually made of plywood or oriented strand board (OSB).
Underlayment: This is a layer of waterproof material that is installed over the roof deck to protect it from moisture. It is typically made of asphalt-saturated felt or synthetic material.
Flashing: This is a thin, waterproof material that is used to seal the gaps around roof protrusions such as chimneys, vent pipes, and skylights. It helps to prevent water from seeping into the structure of the building.
Roofing material: This is the outer layer of the roof that is visible from the ground and provides the main protection against the elements. There are many types of roofing materials available, including asphalt shingles, metal roofing, clay tiles, and wood shingles.
Ridge cap: This is a strip of material that covers the peak of the roof and helps to protect it from water and wind damage. It is typically made of the same material as the roofing material.
Gutter: This is a channel that runs along the edge of the roof and is used to collect and drain rainwater away from the building. It helps to prevent water from accumulating on the roof and causing damage.
Overall, it is important to maintain and repair your roof regularly to ensure that it is in good condition and able to protect your building effectively.
Your roof is your home’s first line of defense against the elements. It shields you from rain, snow, wind, and everything else Mother Nature throws your way. But like any shield, even the sturdiest roof can weaken over time. So, how do you know when it’s time to trade in your trusty shield for a new one? Here at Severnside Roofing, we’ve helped countless homeowners in the [location] area keep their roofs in top shape. Today, we’re sharing some telltale signs that might indicate your roof needs some TLC, or even a complete replacement.
Missing or Damaged Shingles: Shingles are the workhorses of your roof, and when they’re cracked, curled, or missing altogether, it’s a red flag. These gaps create openings for water to seep in, leading to leaks and potential damage to your home’s interior.
Daylight Peeking Through: This one’s pretty straightforward. If you can see daylight peeking through the gaps in your roof from the attic, it’s a sure sign there’s a problem. Leaks and structural issues could be the culprit, and a new roof might be the best solution.
Leaks and Water Damage: Water stains on your ceiling or walls, especially after heavy rain or snow, are undeniable signs of a leaky roof. Left unattended, leaks can lead to serious problems like mold growth and structural damage. Don’t wait for this to happen! Schedule a roof inspection as soon as possible.
Granule Loss on Asphalt Shingles: Asphalt shingles have embedded granules that help protect them from the sun’s UV rays. If you notice a build-up of granules in your gutters or downspouts, it means the shingles are losing their protective layer and becoming more susceptible to damage.
Sagging Roof Lines: This is a serious issue that shouldn’t be ignored. A sagging roof indicates structural problems beneath the surface, potentially caused by water damage, weak framing, or even animal infestation. If you notice any dips or curves in your roofline, contact a professional roofing contractor immediately.
Increased Energy Bills: A damaged or aging roof can affect your home’s energy efficiency. Gaps and leaks allow conditioned air to escape, forcing your heating and cooling systems to work harder. Replacing your roof with a properly insulated and ventilated system can lead to significant energy savings.
Age of Your Roof: All roofs have a lifespan. Asphalt shingles typically last 20-25 years, while metal roofs can last much longer. If your roof is nearing the end of its expected lifespan, it’s wise to consider a replacement before leaks or other problems arise.
Don’t Wait Until It Rains Cats and DogsIf you notice any of these signs, it’s time to call Severnside Roofing for a professional roof inspection. Our experienced team can assess your roof’s condition, recommend the best course of action, and provide a free, no-obligation quote for repairs or replacement. Remember, a small problem today can become a major headache tomorrow. By taking proactive steps to maintain your roof, you can ensure your home stays protected for years to come.Contact Severnside Roofing Today!Don’t wait for leaks or other problems to force your hand. Schedule a roof inspection with Severnside Roofing and keep your home safe and secure.
A leaky roof can turn even the sunniest day gloomy. It disrupts your comfort, potentially damages your belongings, and might even lead to structural issues. But what exactly causes these unwelcome drips? Here, we delve into the common culprits behind a leaky roof:The Inevitable Signs of Age:
Worn-Out Shingles or Tiles: Over time, exposure to harsh weather elements like sun, rain, and hail can take a toll on your roof’s outer layer. Shingles can crack, curl, or lose granules, compromising their waterproofing ability. Similarly, tiles can become brittle and develop cracks, allowing water to seep through.
Improper Installation or Maintenance:
Installation Errors: Faulty installation practices during initial roof construction can create weak points where leaks are more likely to occur. Poor flashing around chimneys, vents, or valleys are common culprits.
Lack of Maintenance: Regular roof inspections and maintenance are crucial for catching minor issues before they snowball into major leaks. Neglecting to remove debris from gutters or postponing repairs for small tears or missing shingles can lead to bigger problems down the road.
Nature’s Fury:
Severe Weather: Heavy downpours, strong winds, and hail can overwhelm even a healthy roof. Wind-driven rain can exploit vulnerabilities under shingles, while hail can cause punctures or cracks in the roof’s surface.
Ice Dams: During winter, snow accumulation on the roof can melt unevenly due to temperature fluctuations. This meltwater can refreeze at the eaves, forming ice dams that prevent proper drainage and potentially back up water under the shingles, leading to leaks.
Other Potential Leaks:
Animal Intrusions: Birds, squirrels, or even raccoons can sometimes make their way under your roof, creating openings that allow water infiltration.
Clogged Vents: Blocked vents can trap moisture within the attic, leading to condensation problems and potential roof leaks in the long run.
By understanding these common causes, you can be more proactive about roof maintenance and identify potential issues early on. Remember, a stitch in time saves nine (and your roof)! If you suspect a leak, don’t hesitate to call a professional roofer for a proper inspection and repair.
A home roof inspection is an important step in maintaining the overall integrity and condition of your home. A thorough inspection can help to identify any issues with your roof, such as damaged or missing shingles, leaks, or other problems, and allow you to make necessary repairs before the issues become more serious.When conducting a home roof inspection, there are several key things to look for:
Missing or damaged shingles: Check for any missing or damaged shingles on your roof. Missing or damaged shingles can allow water to seep into your roof and cause damage, so it is important to replace any that are in poor condition.
Leaks: Look for any signs of leaks on your roof, such as water stains on your ceiling or walls, mold or mildew, or peeling paint or wallpaper. If you notice any of these issues, it is likely that you have a leak and will need to make repairs to fix it.
Flashings: Check the flashings around your roof, such as around your chimney or vent pipes. Flashings are used to seal gaps around these protrusions and prevent water from seeping into your roof. If you notice any gaps or damage to the flashings, they will need to be repaired or replaced.
Gutters: Inspect your gutters for any damage or blockages. Clogged or damaged gutters can cause water to accumulate on your roof and potentially cause damage, so it is important to keep them in good condition.
Roof structure: Check the overall structure of your roof, including the rafters and trusses, for any signs of damage or deterioration. If you notice any sagging or other issues with the structure of your roof, it is important to address them as soon as possible to prevent further damage.
Roof ventilation: Check the ventilation on your roof to ensure that it is functioning properly. Proper ventilation is important to help keep your roof in good condition and prevent problems such as mold growth and moisture buildup.
It is important to note that a home roof inspection should only be conducted by a professional. Attempting to inspect your roof yourself can be dangerous, as it involves working at heights and potentially handling heavy materials. A professional roofing contractor will have the necessary skills and equipment to safely conduct a thorough inspection and identify any issues with your roof.Overall, a home roof inspection is an important step in maintaining the condition of your home. By regularly inspecting your roof and addressing any issues that are identified, you can ensure that your roof is in good condition and able to protect your home effectively.
A lot of problems can arise if your home is poorly insulated. These problems do not only cause inconvenience, but they can also cost you money. If you have been doubting your home’s insulation quality, here are some of the signs you can observe for you to find out the actual situation.
Unusual increase of energy bills
If you notice that your energy bill continuously grows without any reason you are aware of, it might be that the heating or cooling system is working overtime to maintain your home’s temperature. The heat might be escaping through your doors, foundation, attic, and windows. This way, your home does not settle at a steady temperature.
Mould and moisture
Mould and moisture are among the most apparent signs of a poorly insulated and ventilated home. There could be a hole in your roof, or condensation has been happening in your home for quite a while now. As condensation rises, it can damp and eventually wet your attic and the objects there. As time goes by, the water will spread to the walls, ceiling, and other areas of your home and cause interior damage sooner than later.Improper ventilation is the most common cause of condensation. It is usually found in bathrooms because hot showers produce a lot of steam. Without proper ventilation, the moisture will eventually rise into the upper part of your home, giving mould the perfect environment to grow.Suppose you see any sign of mould and moisture at your home. In that case, you should only call professional roofers to determine and address the issue.
Hot and cold rooms
Inadequate ventilation is also one of the possible reasons for experiencing hot and cold rooms. If your home is poorly ventilated, your heating system will greatly suffer and might not function properly.A professional roofer can check your building’s insulation, measure its thickness to determine if additional or less insulation is necessary for your home.
Cold draft
A cold draft, which happens during the winter season, is the current of cold air being drawn inside a building. If your windows and doors are not properly insulated, they could release a lot of air. Because of this, your home will feel so cold inside. This is the reason why you should not only ensure that your attic is insulated correctly but your windows and doors as well.
Animal intrusion
Poor insulation can eventually damage the plywood, shingles, and other components of your home. This will make the exterior part of your roof defenceless against animal damage. Once these animals find the weak spot, they will do their best to break in, which can become a massive problem for you and your family. Not only that they cause inconvenience, but they can also affect your family’s health.By making sure that your home is properly insulated and ventilated, you can be at peace knowing that there will be no unwanted visitors to break in and reside with you.
Severnside Roofing Specialists Ltd are a local family run business based in Shrewsbury and Telford, we provide roofing services in Shrewsbury and surrounding areas.
Severnside Roofing Specialists Ltd are a local family run business based in Shrewsbury and Telford, we provide roofing services in Shrewsbury and surrounding areas.
